{"id":43115,"date":"2023-08-28T03:15:39","date_gmt":"2023-08-28T07:15:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aky.pbv.mybluehost.me\/?p=43115"},"modified":"2023-10-01T14:42:49","modified_gmt":"2023-10-01T18:42:49","slug":"l-etalon-or","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aky.pbv.mybluehost.me\/fr\/l-etalon-or\/","title":{"rendered":"De l’\u00e9talon-or \u00e0 la monnaie fiduciaire (l’\u00e9volution expliqu\u00e9e)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Le concept de monnaie a subi d’importantes transformations au cours de l’histoire. L’un des changements les plus notables est le passage de l’\u00e9talon-or \u00e0 la monnaie fiduciaire. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pendant l\u2019utilisation de l’\u00e9talon-or, les monnaies \u00e9taient soutenues par des r\u00e9serves d’or tangibles, et cela apportait de la stabilit\u00e9 au commerce international. Mais tout cela a chang\u00e9 avec l’apparition des monnaies fiduciaires. L’article suivant met en lumi\u00e8re cette transformation historique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n

\"910x300_earn2trade_ad\"<\/a><\/div><\/div>

L’\u00e9talon-or et l’initiative de Roosevelt<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L’or, en tant que r\u00e9serve de valeur et moyen d’\u00e9change, joue depuis longtemps un r\u00f4le essentiel dans l’\u00e9conomie mondiale. L’\u00e9talon-or \u00e9tait un syst\u00e8me mon\u00e9taire qui garantissait la valeur d’une monnaie par de l’or. Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9 dans de nombreux pays jusqu’en 1971 environ. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le terme \u201cd\u2019\u00e9talon-or\u201d a \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9 pour d\u00e9finir un syst\u00e8me o\u00f9 l\u2019or ne circulait pas dans l\u2019\u00e9conomie mais aurait pu \u00eatre \u00e9chang\u00e9 contre de la monnaie \u00e0 un taux fixe par les banques centrales. Toutefois, l\u2019\u00e9talon a souvent chang\u00e9 au fil du temps en raison de guerres ou de pressions \u00e9conomiques importantes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un des plus grands changements a \u00e9t\u00e9 la nationalisation de l\u2019or du pays en 1934 par le pr\u00e9sident Roosevelt. La motivation derri\u00e8re cette action a \u00e9t\u00e9 de combattre la d\u00e9flation qui ravageait l\u2019\u00e9conomie am\u00e9ricaine. Avant la nationalisation de l\u2019or, le prix pour convertir de la monnaie en une once troy d\u2019or \u00e9tait de 20,67 $. Apr\u00e8s le changement, le prix de conversion est pass\u00e9 \u00e0 35 $ par once troy, offrant \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9conomie une chance de se remettre plus facilement. Cette approche a \u00e9t\u00e9 grandement efficace pour aider les \u00c9tats-Unis \u00e0 se remettre de la Grande D\u00e9pression.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le sommet de Bretton Woods et l\u2019ancrage des monnaies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Cette it\u00e9ration de l\u2019\u00e9talon-or a \u00e9t\u00e9 maintenue pendant longtemps, bien qu\u2019elle ait chang\u00e9 consid\u00e9rablement en raison de la Deuxi\u00e8me Guerre mondiale. Les Alli\u00e9s se sont retrouv\u00e9s au sommet de Bretton Woods en juillet 1944 pour aborder l\u2019\u00e9conomie mondiale d\u2019apr\u00e8s-guerre. L\u2019un des points \u00e0 couvrir \u00e9tait de s\u2019occuper des taux de change entre les pays entrant dans l\u2019\u00e8re d’apr\u00e8s-guerre. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plupart des pays ont rattach\u00e9 leurs devises au dollar am\u00e9ricain car il \u00e9tait li\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019or. Ou sinon, ils ont fix\u00e9 un taux de change fixe pour leurs devises par rapport au dollar am\u00e9ricain, ce qui les a fondamentalement li\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019or \u00e9galement. Les individus ne pouvaient plus convertir des dollars en or. Cette option n\u2019\u00e9tait disponible que pour les banques nationales. Le Fonds mon\u00e9taire international (FMI) a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9 pour faciliter ce nouveau syst\u00e8me de change. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9clin de l\u2019\u00e9talon-or<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019\u00e9talon-or a \u00e9t\u00e9 une force de stabilisation dans un monde en qu\u00eate de reprise \u00e9conomique apr\u00e8s la Deuxi\u00e8me Guerre mondiale. Toutefois, apr\u00e8s une d\u00e9cennie, le syst\u00e8me a subi sa premi\u00e8re secousse. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ce sont les fran\u00e7ais qui ont fait pression sur ce syst\u00e8me sous le pr\u00e9sident Charles de Gaulle. Il voulait r\u00e9duire sa d\u00e9pendance aux \u00c9tats-Unis et \u00e0 leur dollar et a donc promulgu\u00e9 une politique de conversion des dollars am\u00e9ricains en or entre 1959 et 1969. Cette action a progressivement pes\u00e9 sur les r\u00e9serves d\u2019or am\u00e9ricaines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019administration Nixon et l\u2019Accord Smithsonian<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions croissantes avec la France ont conduit les \u00c9tats-Unis \u00e0 avoir besoin d\u2019aide pour maintenir leurs r\u00e9serves d\u2019or. Les troubles \u00e9conomiques provoqu\u00e9s par la Guerre du Vietnam \u00e9taient \u00e0 leur apog\u00e9e et le volume d\u2019argent sortant du pays \u00e9tait sup\u00e9rieur au volume entrant. Vers la m\u00eame \u00e9poque, le London Gold Pool souffrait aussi. La cr\u00e9ation de ce pool \u00e9tait une tentative par les \u00c9tats-Unis et les pays d\u2019Europe centrale de maintenir la solidit\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00e9talon-or. Le pool a \u00e9t\u00e9 form\u00e9 en 1961 et s\u2019est effondr\u00e9 en 1968. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour combattre ces probl\u00e8mes, l\u2019administration Nixon a interrompu la convertibilit\u00e9 du dollar am\u00e9ricain en or en ao\u00fbt 1971. Elle a aussi fait passer l\u2019Accord Smithsonian<\/a> \u00e0 la fin de la m\u00eame ann\u00e9e. Selon ce dernier, les \u00c9tats-Unis ont accept\u00e9 de d\u00e9valuer le dollar par rapport \u00e0 l\u2019or d\u2019approximativement 8,5 %. Le prix de l\u2019or a atteint 38 $ par once. Cet accord a aussi mis fin au concept de convertibilit\u00e9 pour prot\u00e9ger les r\u00e9serves d\u2019or des \u00c9tats-Unis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le passage \u00e0 la monnaie fiduciaire<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Bien que les \u00c9tats-Unis aient continu\u00e9 \u00e0 rattacher leur dollar \u00e0 l\u2019or pendant un certain temps apr\u00e8s cette date, la pratique a perdu de son importance. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont mis en place quelques autres changements des prix de l\u2019or pour combattre la d\u00e9flation au milieu des ann\u00e9es 1970. Ils ont fini par abandonner en 1976 et sont pass\u00e9s \u00e0 une nouvelle d\u00e9finition du dollar qui ne comportait pas de liens avec l\u2019or. Au lieu de cela, c\u2019\u00e9tait une monnaie purement fiduciaire, ce qui signifiait qu\u2019elle \u00e9tait inconvertible, ne s\u2019appuyant que sur sa valeur per\u00e7ue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cela a initi\u00e9 une vague de changements dans le monde. Les pays d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 se d\u00e9tourner de l\u2019\u00e9talon-or en faveur d\u2019une monnaie fiduciaire flottante. Cela a \u00e9galement permis aux banques centrales d’exercer un plus grand contr\u00f4le et a all\u00e9g\u00e9 la pression li\u00e9e \u00e0 la d\u00e9tention et \u00e0 l’administration des r\u00e9serves d’or.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vous pourriez aussi appr\u00e9cier : <\/strong>La monnaie et le march\u00e9 Forex<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le passage de l\u2019\u00e9talon-or \u00e0 la monnaie fiduciaire constitue un changement important dans l\u2019histoire<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Le passage de l\u2019\u00e9talon-or \u00e0 la monnaie fiduciaire constitue un \u00e9v\u00e9nement important dans l\u2019histoire du monde. Les monnaies garanties par l\u2019or, auparavant stables, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 remplac\u00e9es par la flexibilit\u00e9 permise par la monnaie fiduciaire ce qui a offert aux banques centrales un contr\u00f4le plus important.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien que le d\u00e9clin de l\u2019\u00e9talon-or ait initialement entra\u00een\u00e9 du scepticisme, il s\u2019est av\u00e9r\u00e9 au final crucial pour le passage \u00e0 un syst\u00e8me mon\u00e9taire adaptable ayant impact\u00e9 positivement les \u00e9conomies.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le concept de monnaie a subi d’importantes transformations au cours de l’histoire. L’un des changements les plus notables est le passage de l’\u00e9talon-or \u00e0 la monnaie fiduciaire. Pendant l\u2019utilisation de l’\u00e9talon-or, les monnaies \u00e9taient soutenues par des r\u00e9serves d’or tangibles, et cela apportait de la stabilit\u00e9 au commerce international. Mais tout cela a chang\u00e9 avec […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":36,"featured_media":34534,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[12387],"tags":[12493,12494],"class_list":["post-43115","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-anecdotes","tag-etalon","tag-or"],"yoast_head":"\nDe l'\u00e9talon-or \u00e0 la monnaie fiduciaire (l'\u00e9volution expliqu\u00e9e) - Earn2Trade Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Explorez l'\u00e9volution du syst\u00e8me mon\u00e9taire depuis l'\u00e9talon-or jusqu'au passage \u00e0 la monnaie fiduciaire et \u00e0 son impact sur l'\u00e9conomie mondiale.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/aky.pbv.mybluehost.me\/fr\/l-etalon-or\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"De l'\u00e9talon-or \u00e0 la monnaie fiduciaire (l'\u00e9volution expliqu\u00e9e) - 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